Digital Audio Glossary

ADC - Stands for analog digital converter. A anolog singals into digital signals. Normally information is transmitted, by modulating a transmition. This information describes any system.

Analog converter's can turn signals from analog to digital even before transmitting over communication things and lines. For example a modem turns signals from digital to analog. Other things such as telephone lines, they only carry analog signals.



Alias frequency. These are used in a lot in studios. Without these you could have any type of vocals or live instruments on sings. They are used to change the analogue waveform such as microphone recordings.  The analogue conversion involves quantization , it introduces a small amount of errors. When Computers take samples of the wave form fromn the audio it calculates the amount of depth to take. The higher the bit the more information/quality it would have - this means that the quality of the sound will sound even more better with higher bit. You would be able to hear little things that have a low volume to it... little things such as instruments, you will be able to hear every instrument.

 When it has a low bit, which is 16 bit... it would have less information/quality of the sound. The bit wouldn't capture every sound there is and you wouldn't be able to hear everything to the full extent.
Aliasing is also to do with samples as well. These refers to a effect that causes different signals and it makes sound distorted when sampled.
An example of Alias:             Anti - Alised                                          Alised

Aliasing takes off the quality more and makes it distorted... and smaller. Aliasing = less quality.

 

Binary - This means two, as in two parts. In music terns it has a 1 way how bit resolution is read. When computer takes smaples... the waveform in the audio mesures how much to by the amount of depth.If you have a higher bit, the depth would also be higher which means more wuality. but If you have a less bit, that means less depth which also means less quality. Examples of higher bits is when you buy music from itunes, CD's Etc but when you download things off Youtube it has a less resoultion because the bit is more less as it is a Mp3. However Itunes is Mp3 but it has the same quality and information as a CD information would do than a Youtube one. When downloading a Track from Youtube, it also compress the track as well, this means that it is less clear and you wouldn't be able to listen to the full quality.

This is an exmaple of how Analog data/digital data is captured on to a CD. It has numbers from 0 to 1.

 

Bit depth - is like the quantity that estimates the signal. More bit depth the more accurate many sounds will cone out... But the less depth you have the less quality your sound will come out.
The bit depth determine the dynamic range of recording
The dynamic range increased BG 6, dB for extra bit used
A 16bit word length theoretically gives 96dB of dynamic range
A 24bit word length gives 144 dB.

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 The Clipping - Clipping is when audio signals or wave forms is pushed. This mostly happens when the amplitude is over the limit. Clipping is like amplitude is all about the level. In Logic If the volume goes over the limit that means it is peaking, (It goes red in the dBFS meter bar) and it sounds really loud, with a lot of distortion, it makes a crush sounds. Sometimes it depends on what instrument it's peaking at, for example if you have a bass and it's peaking then it would sound really distorted. If you have a electric guitar and it's peaking then it would definitely sound distorted. Many producer's have to fight and make sure that their sound doesn't peak and sound distorted.

DAC - This stands for Digital to analog converter. This converts digital code to an analog signal, it is the opposite of a ADC (Analog Digital Converter). Siganls are transmitted in Digital form instead of Anlog DAC sends digital informtation in music player's and it coverts digital video signals to analog in televisions and mobile phones... to show colours and the picture. They work like a electronic processor inside Media things and digital audio information.

 

dBFS - The digital level measurement unit is dBFS (Decibel full scale)
0 = number of bits. 'dBFS measures the decibel amplitudes levels in Digtal system'. A digital signal that don't have 0 dBFS can still clip because of the signal reconstruction, it can make the meter bar clip and turn into red. On Logic you will see that it has numbers next to the volume bars, this shows what number of dBFS it is at. It's over the limit the dBFS would have a high number which would probably be (6,0), if it goes over (0,0) that means it''s clipping. If it has a minus (-4,7) this means that it won't go over the limit, distort or clip. It wouldn't show that it has a red bar.

 

Digital audio interface - This allows equipment such as audio mixers recording devices and other things to intercvonnected without taking away any signal quality. It can takes of audio and turn them into digital. when you are encoding a audio signal in digital... sound goes through the ADC and it's used to econde it as a Digital signal.

 

Digital effects processor- A effect processor is like a electronical device that changes singal to add special effects. It's commonly used for guitars, and it acts as preamp device which sends signals to the guitar amplifier. This can be used for live performances or to be used for your track if you're recording. It can contain a lot of effects, things like:
Reverb - This makes the instrument/vocaller sound like he is being played in a hall, it's like a echo effect except it slowly decays, so it makes sound obvious that it doesn't have an echo.
Distortion - This changest the quality of the sound, to make it sound like it has that crunch sound. It takes away a bit of quality as well.

Dither - What dither does is that it makes the all of the little things to the highest quality, it adds sound to the sound signal. The only time you add dither is when you have a 16 bit track. You only add this when you are puttin, your music on a CD. When your track is 24 bit, you do not need to add the dither, this is because at 24 bit the quality would be really good, and for 24bit you do not add this to your CD only if you're putting your track on your phone or USB.

 

Digital mixing console - A mixing console is a electronic device for, routing, combing and changing the dynamics of a digital audio sample. A mixing console controls the out puts in a professional studio, it works like a romote for softwares... Softwars like Logic pro 9. It controls the volumes, the microphones and other things. They are mainly used either in recording studios, broadcasting, television, film productions, public address or a sound reinforcement system.

 

Sample rate - This defines the number of samples per unit. Sample rates must observe the Nyquist Theorem. This theorem states that the sample rate needs to be at least twice the frequency of the highest audio frequencies to be digitised, in order to eradicate distortion. Number of sample taken every second = sampling frqeuncy or sample rate (Hz or kHz). Time = 1 second sample rate = 5Hz.

Examples:
- Telephone, walkie-talkies = 8,000 Hz
- Audio CDs for lower quality = 11,025 Hz
- Camecorder, video tapes ETC = 32,000 Hz
- Audio CD (MPEG-1), Mp3  = 44,100Hz

BEAT VIDEO

Hear and identify

At the start of the worst version (2/3 seconds) The guitar is off beat and the guitar starts early on the wrong note, also many instruments doesn't come in time with the beat such as the drum kit it comes very late, also the production before 6 seconds is really off as instruments were started early and they started on the wrong note instead of starting on the first chord/note they started on the second/third one  but at 0:06 the guitar slightly gets back in time however at 0:18 the guitar gets off time even more and it overlaps the other guitar that was playing, also the bass comes in late and so does the vocals. The way this could of been improved is that, the Guitar should of been on the beat and not off beat. The guitar could've been quantised to a 4/4 time signature. Also to stop the Guitar from overlapping the other guitar, one of the guitar could've been turned down;a bit or it should've been in time along with the instruments and on the beat, the same thing for the bass and the vocals. Production wise instruments could've been moved and dragged onto the measuring line so that it could be on time. Also they could've edited the notes of the instruments on the piano roll  and moved/dragged stuff around.

In the beginning of 3 seconds he coughs. When it comes to Recording a track there shouldn't be any background noises or any unnecessary noise. The way this could of been improved is that he shouldn't of made any noise unless he was meant too, from listening to the song it looked like he wasn't supposed to do it in the first place. This causes the track to not sound professional.

The whole track pans on the right side, If you listen to the track on your speaker/headphones it would pan and go onto the right side of your speaker/headphones. Mainly the vocals were panning to the right side of the headphone, this is definitely not good because the whole track is never supposed to pan on the right side. The way It's supposed to sound is that it should be on both ears. This is because the mixing of the whole track should be on both ears, only singular things such as instruments or vocals (By using effects) can be on one ear or the other.

0:47 the kicks comes out of the track. This is a typical mistake as it happens sometimes, but this shouldn't of happened unless you wanted it to sound like that and make it happen. To improve I think that you should run the track over and over until you can hear the mistake, when you do find the mistake you should sort it out and make sure that everything is right.

The whole track is not in time, many instruments from this track is not in time with the beat, so is the vocals. To improve you should Quantise and edit more, by using the piano roll for the midi files, moving and dragging the audio file in time and along with the beat. At the start of the track it goes slightly fast the instrument that cause this is the guitar and then it jumps back in normal speed when it gets too 6 seconds.

0:21 A part of the vocal goes off time. I heard that a part of the lyric wasn't fluid and it sounded broken. To improve I think that the artist should've ran through it, and probably rehearsed if possible, because it sounded like he couldn't be bothered to do it and that he wanted to rush it.

At 0:53 the vocal sounds deep, muffled and low. I found this fault weird because the way people record it doesn't happen, I think this happened because the artist was covering the microphone or the microphone wasn't a good one. I think that to improve this you should use a better microphone (always use a condenser a good one) also he could've tested it if possible.

At 1:13 The velocity of some instruments (piano), are not levelled and the dynamics, goes low and high in certain parts. Also the piano seems to Pann on the right then it goes towards the left and it stays on the left side. When it comes to mixing you should always velocities the instruments so that they all have the same colour (level) when you're editing in logic, how to do this you'd have to do it under piano roll in logic. This will help a lot because the sound would all sound the same but if you wanted to edit the dynamics by making it low to high them you could do that. Also for the dynamics you could edit it yourself and sort out the dynamics.

I identified that the The instrumental is louder than the vocals. This is not a good thing because the vocals need to be on the same level and volume as the instrumental, they both must be equal. To improve I think that the artist should've turned up the gain of the vocals to match it with the instrumental if possible.

The mix of the track is not great as everything is not levelled, throughout the whole song the backing vocals doesn't sound good it doesn't have that much depth into it in other words it sounds weak. This was a huge problem in the track because the volume of the whole track wasn't quite turned up, in order to improve the mix everything should be levelled and in time... too add on you could've used some effects such as compressor or a limiter - the limiter would make sure that you're not going over the red bar by more than 0,0 mlb. The compressor would compress things or you could've sent the track to a professional engineer and told him to mix it.  The production could've been better as the vocals could've been recorded twice or they could've duplicated the vocal file into two and turned one of the channel region down.
This would've made things way better with the vocals or they could've added effects to change the a genders voice.

Self development

Freelance world movie
by: StevieBbeatz

Functions of Keyboards

Solo keyboard performance -The role of a solo keyboard performance is that you are playing by yourself infront of a audience or a teache, this could be for either an assessment, if you're playing front of a teacher or you could be at a mini concert that you are performing at. In a solo keyboard performance, you would might have to play a piece - but you would have to play it correctly. Sometimes you would get assessed depending if it's a real performance or a practise one. When it comes to solo performances, you would have to organise practise times yourself and practise in your own time. You will not have any one but yourself, so you have to count on yourself to make the commitment. When you are doing a solo performance, sometimes you would have to dress appropriately, this is because people would know that you're taking your performance seriously, also when doing a solo performance you would have to keep your back straight at all times... but sometimes this isn't a case.

Live performance keyboard (band) - The main functions of a live performance (keyboard) is that you would be playing the main melody/chords throughout the whole song... the keyboard player would have to keep in time with the drums, this is one of the main instruments that keps in time with the whole band.

The role of a live keyboard player is that, you would have to play in a band. This means that you would have to make a commitment by attending rehearsals and practising a lot with your band. One of your band member's would have to book rehearsal time (unless they have a room, that they could rehearse in). For a band performance you need to be playing the piece that your band mates tells you to, you can't play whatever you like (unless you are improvising and it goes well with the song)... this is because if you're playing something different, then it would mess up your whole band.

Midi keyboard - Midi stands for Musical instrument digital interface. For this type of keyboard, you play the notes and then you record it on to logic via the region. Using this midi keyboard you have to import date to logic, how to do this is that you record yourself playing and it would come on logic as little shapes , after your done recording - it would then show a box, of what you recorded. Not only you could record using a piano, you can use a variety of instruments, to make your track more creative, you can also add in a drum beat. In Logic (Midi) you can record yourself and delete whatever went wrong, if you did a mistaken or you can edit the notes by using the piano roll which is at the bottom. For a midi keyboard , some can be compatible for using at live shows by having a 'midi in-and out' option at the back. There's many softwares that uses a midi keyboard and they are reason, abelton, fl studio and so on - if you are going to use these softwares make sure you have a midi keyboard as it would be a bit more difficult to play in the notes.
To add on midi keyboard are mostly found in studios this is because midi is mainly used for studio, recording type of work.

Differences and similarities between a Midi Keyboard, Solo performance (Keyboard and a live performance keyboard (band)

The difference between these keyboards is that each of these have different roles. For a midi keyboard you would be using this to record your own beats or drums in a studio. In a Solo performance you would be performing in a concert by yourself, however for a live performance (with a band) you would be performing with your band. When it's a Band performances (as a keyboard player) you would have to play, whatever your band is playing but when it's a solo performance, you can pick and choose whatever you want to play.
For a Midi keyboard, you'll be using Logic in the studio.
In comparision - the similarities between These keyboards, is that for a solo performance and a live performance, you would be performing on a keyboard.... but the similarities between a Solo performance (keyboard) is that you'll be playing whatever you want.

Areas around the music industry

                                                      The Music industry

Artist Management

What a artist manager does is that they do all of the paperwork for the artist/band, they are in charge of the business side in the music industry. The manager organises the touring, promotion, bookings, auditions and deals for the artists, they also give the artist advice for certain things. To have a manager you don't need to be signed... most manager's help out the un-signed artists, to hep them pursue their career. A artists who is signed and has a manager, they act more as a superviser than just a manager, a manager will do everything in their power to make sure that the artist get's what they wnat and that everything is fair/equal. In the UK there's only one artist manager, however in America the artist manager would manage more than one artist. Being a artist manager can be fun at times, but you would have to deal with a lot of work.

In the music indsutry the manager only gets paid 20% of the artists fee, it's not a lot of money but it still helps.

To be a Artist manager you need to have the responbility and the ability to be a hard working person, smart, consistant, you should be able to multi task, to deal with difficult sitauations, oranigsed, advisable and negtiotable. You would need to take on the hard and tough things in the business side of the music industrym also you would need to make the right decisions by making your artist happy - which means he/she/they won't fire you.

An example of a artist manager (American) Is:  Bryant Cortez. He is the chief officer of Young Money Entertainment and the founder of Bryant management. He is one of the most successful business man in the music industry. The artists that He manages is Lil Wayne, Drake and more. Bryant has helped Drake sell about a million of records, which makes him what he is today.

Record companies/record label
A record label is associated with  marketing music of music recordings , videos, and sales.
Record labels are sometimes are companies because they manage other brands and trademarks.
In a record label there is many areas that people play apart in such as managing, promoting, production, distribution,  and so on.  There's many record labels, there's major labels such as universal, Warner and Sony music. These are one of biggest record labels in the music industry , they are in charge if almost everything in the music industry - about the music business.
Major record labels own their own sublabels , such as island records. Sub labels are like an imprint or a subordinate label company.

In a record label there's vanity labels as well , 'vanity records are like an imprint that gives the impression of artists ownership or control'.

When it comes to record companies, their purpose is to sell records. Record companies is like a bank, they'll give you money as long as you sell loads of records. Record companies would give you a lot of money only if you do their dept they'll give you money in advance, however when you sell a lot of records - some money would go to the record company, some will go to the Government, the manager (if you have a manger) and then you'll get your cut but you as the artist is the last person to get the cut.

Examples of Major record labels is:

Universal - This is one of the major record label, that people know it's owner by a French media. They own a publishing group as well. This major record label is like the parent towards other record labels, they are a big company and a big organization. They've got a lot of distributors as well,

Sony music - This is another major record label, they are one of the biggest as well. This record label is based in new York (USA). They have their own record labels; one of them is called RCA records.
Sony music is a big coorp, not just music but Sony it's self is really major , as they they do other selling products such as games and such.

Live performanceA live performance, is a like a concert where a lot of performers would perform, normally artists would do tours around the country and a big crowd would come in. In a performance there's a lot of equipment there such as lights.
But it's not only artists perform mostly, a musical assemble would perform, a choir .

In the music industry artists would get most of their money from touring but they'd have to be performing at places such as ' The 02 Arena, stadiums' and other big places. This is how artists get the money just behind their record sales. Normally big artists like ' Elton john, Rihanna, Chris Brown ' would get a lot of money for touring because they are really known. Most of the time they'll probably get about 10 grand or more for a show.

Mostly every artist performs, sometimes it's just not for a paid performance it could be for free or for charity. The reason why some do it for free is for more exposure - if they're lucky enough most of the time a business person/manager would see which artist is good enough so that they could work with the artist.

This is Trey Songz. He has toured around the country, countries like London, Austrailia, America and more. When it comes to touring he has earned a lot of money.

Examples of artists who does live performances is drake, Trey Songz, Rihanna and many more.
These examples of artists they have toured around the country this would mean they would have to fly to a lot of places... Although they would get tons of money because they would be performing in many cities as well - it's really tiring.

Music publishing A music publisher is the people who makes sure that the people behind the scenes would also get their payment. people like song-writer's or composers would get paid... But through a contract. However they would have to agree with the contract.

' In a nutshell, a music publisher owns or administers copyrights in songs, and licenses them to companies' ref. (http://www.hevedburgmusic.com/article2.html)

The things that Music publisher's can do is that, they can promote, protect, develop, found and collect. These are the roles that music publisher's can do.

In the Music industry, publisher's can be responsible for song-writer's and composer's as well. They deal with the payments for the both of them. Publisher's will make sure that the Song wrier's will get paid, from whatever it says on their contract - song writer's would need to sign a contract before the Music publisher's can help them. Music publisher's deals with royalties as well and they distrubute to the composer's too.

Music publisher's deal with Copy rights as well. If you own a song then you will have the rights to whatever you want with the song - you could change the format or whatever. But no one can change it without your permission.

In the music industry there's different type of publisher's, there's major record label publisher's, independants and subsidants. 

You do not need to be signed to a record company to have a publisher or your record company doesn't need to be linked to a major record label company. 

Examples of independant publisher's is:

Universal music publishing - This is one of the biggest Music publishing company, as it's the most successful one in the music industry.

Sherlock Holmes LtD - This is a independant Music publishing company.

Music publisher's would also deal with Synchronisation fee. This means that if your song gets played on TV, films or whatever, the company would need your persmision first and then they/you will handle the fee. when having your song on TV it earns you a lot of money.

At times you don't need a publisher, you can just D.I.Y (Do It Yourself). However this concerns more paperwork, individual work, you would have to join all the collection of agencies. But in other words self publishing is more bettter because all of the rights go to you, all of the money goes to you, everything you do goes to you, on the other hand you won't benefit from the other services.

" A music publisher seeks talented songwriters and songs to represen in the same way a record company exploits (i.e uses or sells) recordings, a music publisher exploits songs in order to earn money for their writers.” – Chris Bradford Music Publishing Outloud (SMT)

History of DJ Equipment

                                     THE HISTORY OF DJ EQUIPMENT!

A DJ AKA 'Disc Jokey' is a person who plays records of music in clubs, parties and so on. They tend to mix 2 songs together and make it clash.

There are a lot of techniques that can be used for DJ's such as scratching. Scratching is a Turntablist technique; that you move a disc back and forth to create your own sound.

In the history of the equipment there is many types of equipment, from old to new. Many Dj's have used loads of these equipments. Such as Turntables, Decks, Traktor (Digital), Vinyl, Platter's, Cross fader’s, Mixing Desk

 

Digital is data technology that uses values, by contrast. Non digital system represents information using a continuous function.

People nowadays use Date such as MP3, to download songs onto their IPod/Laptop this is because this type of data is easier to get than CD's also MP3's are cheaper, for example on iTunes a song is about 70p, whereas a single from a shop is about 3.99.

MP3 data is data that doesn't exist, mp3 is also a data conversion. Back in the days no one used mp3s because there wasn't any updated phones, computers /laptops or softwares to convert files into mp3. Digital is way better because you can get whatever the song you want, without having to go through many shops just for vinyl.

DJ mixers are used for, the EQs, cross faders and cue points. This us mainly used to bring in the next song, when another song is playing. The cross faders are used for the transition, by playing two songs together in unison or by moving the knob to either the left or the right.

Cross fader has two faders connected side by side but in opposite directions. This is useful for beat matching  two sources of audio. Cross fader’s main function is to gradually increase one part of the song and decrease the sound of the other one.

Traktor - This is a digital DJ software and type of equipment that some DJs use nowadays. MP3s are more compatible with traktor because it isn't a turntable type of equipment mainly data is used for this. You could use your phones to put music on to the laptop and then use it on the Traktor.

A traktor has 2 decks just like a turntable but they are smaller, it also has a mixer conjoined together with the traktor

Turntables and Vinyl

Turntablism is used to manipulate sounds together, and it’s used to create your own sound by using dub plates and a DJ mixer. Loads of Old school hip hop DJs have used this such as DJ Craze, grand wizard Theodore, grand master flash and so on. The word turntables were created by 'DJ, Babu. Turntablism was the big thing in hip hop in the early 70's as many DJs and producers would use this to mix their own sound together. Nowadays some DJs still use Turntablism such as DJ Craze. There are many DJ techniques that people use for Turntablism such as scratching, juggling, beat matching or mixing. '.

 

Vinyl also known as phonograph record, is a flat disc, which has a analogue type of sound on it.

 In the 1850's the phonautogtaph was invented by Leon Scott, he used a vibrating diaphragm and styles to record sound waves and movements to trace sheets.

In the late 1800's Thomas Edison invented the Phonograph, the Phonograph was capable of recording both and reproducing. The Phonograph was first tried on a Telephone as it was creating a telephone repeater.

These types of records were used back in the early 70's as well and the late 90's. These are the type of discs that DJs would struggle to get as it was quite hard to get them back in the day. Also DJs and producers would find it hard to cut their own record so that no DJ would have the same sound but they would also find it hard to get the song that's not released yet onto a vinyl.  Nowadays vinyl is still used but it’s mostly used for distribution as people use data that doesn't exist which is mp3, they also used CD's nowadays as well. Vinyl can be used for many DJ techniques such as beat matching, scratching and slip cueing.

David Rodigan

He is a British radio DJ and he has performed, DJ'ed and battled in the past. He is known for Reggae and Dancehall music the reason why he is known for Jamaican music is because when he DJ's this is what he mostly plays, also he has a passion for Jamaican music as he watched a Jamaican artist perform she was called 'Millie'. He did a DJ battle against another Jamaican DJ in Jamaica and he was one of the few British people to do it. David Rodigan has performed at the Notting Carnival as well. The type of Equipment he used back in the late 60's/70's/80's/90's was a lot of Vinyl and Turntables. David Rodigan had to do travelling quite a lot so that he could cut his Vinyl, so that no one has the record besides him... The place he had to travel the most was Birmingham and he had to pay a lot of money to do it. Back in these days Vinyl cost a lot of money and it cost a lot to cut it as well.

He used Turntables as well, although he didn't use it to do the scratching technique, his act of a DJ was different to the others. He would get a Mic and say some things to get the Crowd hyped up and then he'd played the music while he's talking/rapping on the Mic.

Nowadays David Rodigan doesn't use Vinyl anymore; he uses CD's, cross fader  and a DJ mixer. David Rodigan changed to Cd’s because, nowadays no one uses Vinyl anymore and it’s rare to find a vinyl shop.

DJ CRAZE

Dj Craze, is a professional DJ. He has the DMC world Dj champion. He’s from Miami, Florida. The type of genres he plays is Drum N Bass, Hip Hop, Dubstep and more. The equipment he uses is Turntables, MPC, Traktor, Headphones and a Laptop – on his Turntable it has a gold plate around it, this gold plate represents that he has been the DMC champion 3 times. Dj Craze is a different DJ compared to David Rodigan, David Rodigan is a entertainer as well but DJ Craze does the magic with his hands more. Back in the days he was known for “ America’s best DJ “, World DMC Champion and many more!

DJ techniques

• Beat matching - This is a DJ technique which is to do with pitch shifting or time stretching. This is to do with time and tempo for example when beat matching 2 tracks the snares and kicks have to be in time, you'll need to know when to bring in the verse in time with the other song, once you've done that it means you just beat matched two songs. 'The technique was developed to keep people of the dance floor'   this means this technique is mostly used at clubs... or parties to stop people from dancing.

• Scratching - The Scratching DJ technique is a Turntablism technique, this is used with Vinyl records to create manipulative and interesting sounds by moving it back and forth. Scratching is mostly used with Hip Hop because scratching was formerly developed during the Hip Hop times since the 70's. They're generally used for Hip Hop because for scratching you can make beat out of scratching using two records and you could make it your own style. Scratching is also used with the cross fader to make it more intriguing and to make it sound like it has a cutoff - when it cuts out in and out rapidly. (EQ). Mostly scratching is used for battling against other DJs (well it can be its optional). Nowadays scratching can also be used with Traktor pro. There's also scratching techniques such as:

-Baby scratch - The baby scratch is a method moving your hand back and forth, this is one of the easiest and most known method to use. Most amateur scratchers do this.

-          Forward and backward scratch - This scratch is like the baby scratch. The forward scratch is also known as “cutting” the reason why it's called this because the cross fader is used during the backwards movement of the track.’If the track is let go it’s called a ' release track '.

-          Tear scratch: This scratching technique is a technique where you're scratching the record in a staggered way, splitting the forward and backward movement into different parts. This allows creating sounds without using the cross fader, this also allows more rhythm to the pattern to make sound a bit more complex and difficult.

-          Beat Juggling - This technique is to manipulate two or more samples. This technique is used to create an original composition using s lot of turntables or more mixers. Beat juggling is slightly the same as beat matching except you have to create your own beat/composition using the records that you have, you have to use the vocal phrases or the drum kits. Beat juggling has its roots in cutting... this was first done by Kool DJ Herc and later used by Grandmaster Flash in the early 80's. Beat juggling has sub-DJ techniques called:

-          Tapping or walking: the way these techniques are used is that the DJ tape the in between the record and the percussion sounds stopping it to slow down the beat or pushing it faster to speed it up.

-          Shuffling or Strobing: Is when the DJ has two records and they loop the records at two different times, the DJ is remixing the record at live with different styles and formations.

Conclusion

In my conclusion, I think the best source to use between Vinyl or Mp3/Cd’s. Is to use MP3, this is because MP3 is more cheaper, you can make your playlist by just downloading either for free or by paying. If you’re paying it would only cost about 79p for a single on Itunes, however if you’re buying a vinyl it would cost over £10 for just a vinyl plate. For MP3’s you can find whatever song you like and just use it. I think that Digital is more better than Analogue because the equipments are more top- notch. Digital is more easier than analogue as well, using traktor is just like using a Turntable, just more impact.

The difference between Digital and Anlogue, is that Digital is more Data and Mp3 – more online stuff. On the other hand Analogue is more Vinyl and big turntables.